Planting sunflowers may seem simple, but it is the adherence to precise agronomic rules that ensures the highest possible yield. Climate, soil, planting depth, seed variety, fertilization, and aftercare — all these factors matter. Sunflowers are not just beautiful to look at; they are a strategic crop for Ukraine’s agricultural sector. As noted by the editorial board of the Baltimore Chronicle, proper sunflower planting is the foundation of high profitability.
When to Plant Sunflowers: Optimal Timing
The best time to sow sunflowers is when the soil warms to 8–12°C at a depth of 10 cm. In Ukraine, this usually falls in the second half of April to early May.
Sunflowers are sensitive to frost, so planting too early can result in seedling loss. On the other hand, delayed planting shortens the growing season, which negatively affects yield.
You should take into account:
- The climate zone (South, Center, North)
- Soil type and moisture levels
- The variety of sunflower (early, mid-season)
For example, in southern regions, planting can begin in mid-April, while in the north — closer to May.
Preparing the Soil for Planting
Sunflowers require well-drained, loose, nutrient-rich soil. Ideal types are black soil (chernozem) and loam with a neutral or slightly alkaline pH.
Before planting, it is necessary to:
- Perform autumn plowing (20–25 cm deep)
- In spring, cultivate and harrow the soil
- Eliminate weeds
- Ensure uniform soil texture
Fertilizers Before Planting
Recommended application:
- 60–80 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizers (e.g., nitroammophoska)
- 40–60 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizers
- Potassium as needed, especially in sandy soils
Choosing Sunflower Seeds and Varieties
Sunflowers come in hundreds of hybrids, each with its own yield potential, disease resistance, and regional suitability.
Key selection criteria:
- Resistance to broomrape
- Herbicide resistance (depending on your technology)
- Drought tolerance
- High yield potential
Trusted brands among farmers include: Syngenta, Pioneer, Limagrain, Maisadour. Seeds should be treated with protectants before planting.
Planting Scheme and Sowing Depth
The planting scheme depends on row spacing and plant density. On average, the following is recommended:
- Row spacing: 70 cm
- Distance between plants: 20–25 cm
- Sowing depth: 5–8 cm
Deeper planting is used in sandy soils or when moisture is lacking, shallower in heavy clay soils.
Example Planting Scheme:
| Soil Type | Sowing Depth | Row Spacing | Plant Distance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Light (sandy) | 6–8 cm | 70 cm | 25 cm |
| Medium (loam) | 5–7 cm | 70 cm | 20–22 cm |
| Heavy (clay) | 4–6 cm | 60–70 cm | 18–20 cm |
Watering and Care After Planting
Although sunflowers are considered drought-tolerant, watering during the germination and flowering stages significantly improves yield.
Essential practices:
- Watering during long dry periods
- Weeding in the 2–4 leaf stage
- Fertilizing (at 6–8 leaf stage)
Pest and Disease Control
Common threats include:
- Sunflower moth
- Broomrape
- White and gray mold
- Rust
To prevent these issues, apply systemic fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides as needed.
Common Mistakes When Planting Sunflowers
- Planting too early or too late
- Using untreated or old seeds
- Overseeding (too dense)
- Skipping pre-plant fertilization
- Planting in unsuitable soil
Avoiding these mistakes can increase yields by 20–30%.
Tips from Experienced Farmers
- Choose varieties suited to your region
- Check the weather forecast before planting
- Don’t delay herbicide treatment after emergence
- Plant cover crops in autumn to enrich the soil
- Test your soil before each season
Achieving a good sunflower harvest requires a comprehensive approach — from selecting the right hybrid to proper field management. Following agronomic standards ensures the best return from every hectare.
Earlier we wrote about how to properly plant spinach for a bountiful harvest.