Chemical burns are serious injuries to the skin or mucous membranes caused by aggressive substances. They most commonly occur at home or in the workplace due to contact with acids, alkalis, solvents, or other active compounds. Improper or delayed reaction can lead to deep tissue damage, infections, and even disability. That’s why it’s vital to know the correct response in the event of a burn. In this article, Baltimore Chronicle will explain how to identify a chemical burn, what to do in the first moments after exposure, and how to prevent complications.
What Is a Chemical Burn: Types and Causes
A chemical burn is damage to tissues caused by direct contact with aggressive substances. Unlike thermal burns, the harmful effect may last longer if the chemical is not removed promptly.
Main Types of Chemical Burns:
- Acid burns – most often caused by sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic, or nitric acid.
- Alkali burns – occur after contact with sodium or potassium hydroxide, ammonia.
- Burns from organic substances – phenol, formaldehyde, benzene.
- Burns from gaseous substances – such as chlorine or fluorine can damage mucous membranes.
Common Causes of Chemical Burns:
- Safety violations at home or work
- Improper storage of chemicals in accessible areas
- Accidental contact with skin or eyes
- Deliberate self-harm or chemical assaults
Chemical substances can penetrate deep into tissues, so even short-term contact can cause severe damage. Reaction time is critical.
Signs of a Chemical Burn: How to Identify the Danger
You can recognize a chemical burn by several characteristic symptoms. It’s important to understand that visible signs may not appear immediately, especially in the case of alkali burns.
Typical Symptoms:
- Sharp pain or burning at the contact site
- Redness, swelling, skin discoloration
- Blistering or scabbing (depending on the substance)
- Fluid discharge from the wound or blister formation
- Chemical smell from the affected area
- Eye injuries: tearing, pain, vision impairment
- Inhalation injuries: coughing, shortness of breath, breathing difficulty
The intensity of symptoms depends on the type of substance, duration of contact, and depth of penetration.
First Aid for Chemical Burns: Step-by-Step Guide
The faster the help is given, the lower the risk of complications. The main task is to immediately stop the contact with the substance.
First Aid Algorithm:
- Remove the source of contact (take off contaminated clothing and gloves).
- Rinse the affected area with large amounts of running water for 15–30 minutes.
- Do not use neutralizers (baking soda, vinegar), as this may worsen the condition.
- Cover the affected area with a sterile bandage.
- If the eyes are affected – rinse them under running water, opening the eyelids.
- Keep the injured person calm and seek medical attention.
- If the airways are affected – take the person to fresh air and call emergency services.
What Not to Do:
- Do not apply ointments or creams without a doctor’s recommendation
- Do not touch the affected area with your hands
- Do not attempt to wipe off the chemical substance
Treatment of Chemical Burns: What Happens Next
After providing first aid, it is important to seek medical attention. A doctor will assess the degree of damage and prescribe appropriate treatment.
Main Stages of Treatment:
- Cleaning the wound from chemical residues
- Prescribing antibacterial agents (ointments, antibiotics)
- Pain relief
- In severe cases – hospitalization and surgical treatment (including skin grafts)
- Physical therapy and rehabilitation
The duration of treatment depends on the depth of the burn and the overall condition of the injured person. Improper or delayed treatment can lead to infections, scarring, and loss of function.
Prevention of Chemical Burns: How to Stay Safe
It’s much easier to prevent a chemical burn than to treat one. Following basic safety rules helps avoid tragedy.
Main Safety Measures:
- Store chemicals in places inaccessible to children
- Use protective equipment (gloves, goggles, lab coats)
- Avoid mixing chemicals without proper knowledge
- Always read labels and instructions
- Never leave open containers with acids or alkalis
Remember, even household products (such as drain cleaners) can be dangerous.
Comparison of Acid and Alkali Burns
| Indicator | Acid Burn | Alkali Burn |
|---|---|---|
| Depth of injury | Superficial | Deep, penetrates tissues |
| Visual changes | Clear boundary of damage | Blurred edges of the wound |
| Pain intensity | Immediate sharp pain | Less intense, increases over time |
| Example substances | Sulfuric, hydrochloric acid | Sodium hydroxide, ammonia |
| Risk of complications | Lower if help is prompt | Higher due to deep tissue damage |
Actions for Specific Types of Burns
Eye Burns
- Immediately rinse eyes with clean water for at least 15 minutes
- Do not rub your eyes
- Apply a clean bandage and consult an ophthalmologist
Respiratory Burns
- Take the injured person into fresh air
- Ensure calm and rest
- Call medical professionals immediately
Burns in Children
- Ensure immediate rinsing
- Always seek medical advice, even for mild injuries
- Do not use folk remedies
Everyday Safety Tips
- Keep household chemicals out of reach
- Learn the contents of products before use
- Teach children basic safety rules
- Always have sterile wipes and gloves in your first aid kit
Earlier we wrote about how to properly provide first aid for hand burns at home.