Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental condition that develops after experiencing or witnessing extremely traumatic events. With each passing year, more Ukrainians face this disorder, especially in the context of war, loss, evacuation, and instability. PTSD alters one’s perception of reality, complicates everyday life, and can have long-lasting effects on both mental and physical health. That is why it’s important not only to understand what this condition is but also to know how to manage it effectively. As noted by the Baltimore Chronicle, timely recognition and support can significantly improve the quality of life for someone with PTSD.
What Is PTSD: Definition, Causes, and Nature of the Disorder
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) is a psychological disorder that arises as a result of extreme stress. A person with PTSD relives past trauma repeatedly, as if their mind remains stuck in a danger that has already passed.
Common causes of PTSD include:
- Combat exposure and participation in military conflicts
- Physical or sexual assault
- Serious accidents or disasters
- Loss of a loved one
- Prolonged stay in high-risk environments
PTSD may develop immediately after a traumatic event or months—even years—later. Importantly, not every traumatic experience results in PTSD. The risk depends on individual psychological traits, past experiences, and available social support.
Main Symptoms of PTSD: How to Identify the Disorder
PTSD manifests through a complex of psychological and physiological symptoms. These can vary from person to person but generally fall into the following categories:
Psychological Symptoms
- Flashbacks — sudden re-experiencing of the traumatic event
- Nightmares
- Persistent anxiety or panic attacks
- Emotional numbness or detachment
Physical Symptoms
- Sleep disturbances
- Muscle tension, headaches
- Increased heart rate
- Appetite loss or overeating
Behavioral Symptoms
- Avoidance of people or places related to the trauma
- Irritability or aggression
- Social withdrawal
- Dependence on alcohol or medication to “numb” the pain
How PTSD Is Diagnosed: The Role of Psychiatrists and Therapists
Diagnosing PTSD is based on clinical interviews conducted by psychiatrists or psychotherapists. The diagnosis is made according to criteria outlined in DSM-5 or ICD-11.
Key steps in the diagnostic process:
- Reviewing the patient’s history: what happened and when
- Analyzing symptoms and their duration
- Identifying co-occurring disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety)
- Using standardized questionnaires (e.g., PCL-5)
- Assessing the impact of symptoms on daily functioning
Seeking help from a professional is the first step toward recovery. Without intervention, PTSD can become a chronic condition.
How to Cope with PTSD: Modern Approaches to Treatment
There are several effective methods for treating PTSD. The choice of approach depends on the individual’s needs, the severity of the trauma, and any co-existing conditions.
1. Psychotherapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): helps reinterpret traumatic experiences and modify harmful beliefs.
- EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing): one of the most effective techniques for PTSD.
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): teaches how to cope with pain without avoidance.
2. Medication
- Antidepressants (SSRIs – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
- Anti-anxiety medications
- Sleeping aids (only under medical supervision)
3. Group Therapy and Support
Participating in support groups or therapeutic circles fosters a sense of belonging, acceptance, and shared experience.
Self-Help for PTSD: What You Can Do on Your Own
Although professional treatment is essential for PTSD, individuals can also take important steps toward healing.
Recommended self-help practices:
- Keeping a journal of thoughts and emotions
- Practicing mindfulness
- Regular physical activity
- Breathing exercises and relaxation techniques
- Limiting exposure to triggers (news, certain movies, etc.)
- Maintaining healthy sleep and nutrition routines
Self-help doesn’t replace therapy, but it significantly enhances the healing process.
Comparison Table of PTSD Therapy Methods
| Treatment Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| CBT | Well-studied, effective, widely available | Requires time and active participation |
| EMDR | Fast results for severe trauma | Requires a specially trained therapist |
| Medication | Quick symptom relief | Possible side effects, risk of dependency |
| Group Therapy | Social support, experience sharing | May not suit introverts or traumatized people |
| Self-Help | Free, can be practiced daily | Not effective without professional guidance |
PTSD in Children and Adolescents: Specific Manifestations
PTSD in children often appears differently than in adults. Young people may struggle to verbalize their emotions, but they communicate stress through behavior.
Signs of PTSD in children:
- Repetitive play mimicking traumatic events
- Night terrors and bedwetting
- Irritability or aggression
- Declining school performance
- Withdrawal or avoidance of interaction
Parents and educators must be alert to behavioral changes. The earlier help is provided, the better the outcome.
How to Support a Loved One with PTSD
Support from family and friends is crucial. Often, it is because of loved ones that a person finally decides to seek help.
What to do:
- Listen without judgment
- Avoid phrases like “pull yourself together”
- Be patient and avoid pressure
- Help with daily responsibilities
- Encourage seeking professional help
- Remember to care for your own boundaries and well-being
PTSD Is a Challenge, Not a Life Sentence
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a complex but treatable condition. Awareness of its symptoms, treatment methods, social support, and inner resilience can gradually restore one’s quality of life. Don’t isolate yourself — help is available, and it works.
Earlier we wrote about why do we cry.